IMPORTANCE Improved, efficient, and acceptable treatments are needed for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy of 2 compressed prolonged exposure (PE) therapy outpatient treatments for combat-related PTSD.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This randomized clinical trial was conducted among military personnel and veterans at 4 sites in Texas from 2017 to 2019. Assessors were blinded to conditions. Data were analyzed from November 2020 to October 2022.
INTERVENTIONS The interventions were massed-PE, which included 15 therapy sessions of 90 minutes each over 3 weeks, vs intensive outpatient program PE (IOP-PE), which included 15 full-day therapy sessions over 3 weeks with 8 treatment augmentations. The IOP-PE intervention was hypothesized to be superior to massed-PE.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Coprimary outcomes included the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) (DSM-5) (CAPS-5) and the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) administered at baseline and posttreatment follow-ups. Measures ranged from 0 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater severity. Diagnostic remission and reliable change were secondary outcomes.
RESULTS Among 319 military personnel and veterans screened, 234 were randomized (mean [SD] age, 39.20 [7.72] years; 182 [78%] male participants), with 117 participants randomized to IOP-PE and 117 participants randomized to massed-PE. A total of 61 participants (26%) were African American, 58 participants (25%) were Hispanic, and 102 participants (44%) were White; 151 participants (65%) were married. Linear mixed-effects models found that CAPS-5 scores decreased in both treatment groups at the 1-month follow-up (IOP-PE: mean difference, −13.85 [95%CI, −16.47 to −11.23]; P < .001; massed-PE: mean difference, −14.13 [95%CI, −16.63 to −11.62]; P < .001). CAPS-5 change scores differed from 1- to 6-month follow-ups (mean difference, 4.44 [95%CI, 0.89 to 8.01]; P = .02). PTSD symptoms increased in massed-PE participants during follow-up (mean difference, 3.21 [95%CI, 0.65 to 5.77]; P = .01), whereas IOP-PE participants maintained treatment gains (mean difference, 1.23 [95%CI, −3.72 to 1.27]; P = .33). PCL-5 scores decreased in both groups from baseline to 1-month follow-up (IOP-PE: mean difference, −21.81 [95%CI, −25.57 to −18.04]; P < .001; massed-PE: mean difference, −19.96 [95%CI, −23.56 to −16.35]; P < .001) and were maintained at 6 months (IOP-PE: mean change, −0.21 [95%CI, −3.47 to 3.06]; P = .90; massed-PE: mean change, 3.02 [95%CI, −0.36 to 6.40]; P = .08). Both groups had notable PTSD diagnostic remission at posttreatment (IOP-PE: 48%[95%CI, 36%to 61%] of participants; massed-PE: 62%[95%CI, 51% to 73%] of participants), which was maintained at 6 months (IOP-PE: 53%[95%CI, 40% to 66%] of participants; massed-PE: 52%[95%CI, 38%to 66%] of participants). Most participants demonstrated reliable change on the CAPS-5 (61%[95%CI, 52%to 69%] of participants) and the PCL-5 (74%[95%CI, 66%to 81%] of participants) at the 1-month follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest that PE can be adapted into compressed treatment formats that effectively reduce PTSD symptoms.